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Source: Albion Tourg茅e, An Appeal to Caesar (New York: Fords, Howard, and Hulbert, 1884), 68鈥�69, 71鈥�72, 74, 309鈥�13; available at .

The failure of the Reconstruction Acts to accomplish the results which their authors anticipated from their operation must be admitted by everyone. Misrule and violence were their first fruits. The control of the majority was only less shameful than the organized violence by which the minority sought to regain the power which had been wrested from them by the elevation of the freedman to the rank of the citizen.¹

The responsibility for this failure rests entirely with the people and the statesmen of the North. . . .The work of reconstruction was purely and solely the task of northern legislators. That the South鈥攖hat is, the elements that constituted 鈥渢he South鈥� before the struggle culminated in war鈥攄id not cooperate willingly in carrying it into effect was only what should have been expected.² It was one of the elements of the problem which our statesmen had set themselves to solve. Resistance, apathy, every possible species of obstruction should have been foreseen and provided for. The duty which devolved upon the people and legislators of 鈥渢he North鈥� at the close of the war was the obliteration of those differences which had so long separated the two peoples. The task which devolved upon the victor was to unify the nation in spirit as well as in form. . . .

. . .In order to assimilate the structure of southern society to the model of northern life it seemed necessary to do two things: 1st to make the slave a free man, and 2nd to make the freed man a citizen. The first was very easily done. A few lines up on the statute book, an executive proclamation, a constitutional amendment: perhaps no one of them was of itself entirely sufficient, but certainly all of them were enough to accomplish what the triumph of northern arms had already made inevitable. The other, the elevation of the recent slave to the plane of citizenship, was a far more difficult and complicated matter. To accomplish this, three things were necessary: first, to clothe the freedman with the right to exercise the privileges of citizenship; second, to assure to him the opportunity for their exercise; and third, to enable him to apprehend and rightly to perform the duties of the citizen. Perhaps the last should have come first. . . .Those who framed the reconstructionary legislation and exulted in what they had done, seem not to have accounted this element of citizenship of any importance whatever. The fact that a man was free and had the abstract right to enjoy and exercise the privileges of the citizen seemed to be thought all that was necessary to transform a million of unlettered slaves into an equal number of self-governing citizens to whom
the power of the ballot might safely be entrusted. . . .

. . .In an instant we gave to a million freedmen the rights, the privileges, and the dignity of coequal citizenship with the dominant race. In the brief period of three years, from 1865 to 1868, four million people were lifted from the level of the slave to the rank of kings. Not only the privileges but the duties of government were laid upon them. They were required to legislate and to execute. They were authorized to choose and to control. Against them were arrayed the pride, the knowledge, the experience, and the wealth of the white race. A child cognizant of these facts should have foreseen the result. Yet the wisest of our legislators thought them not worthy of consideration. . . .

There are probably today in the states in the South two million white illiterates and four million colored illiterates. . . . The eagerness of at least a great majority of these to obtain knowledge can hardly be exaggerated; but however willing they may be, they can do but little. The cost of enlightening this mass of ignorance must, in the main, be supplied by someone else.

There are many cogent reasons why the greater part of the burden of educating the illiterates of the South should be undertaken and discharged by the general government for a considerable period鈥攁t least until the percentage of illiteracy shall be reduced to a point where it can readily be left to the care of the local municipalities, the individual states, and private enterprise. Some of the more potent of these reasons are the following:

• Because there is no other power or authority able to cope with so great an evil.
• Because the danger likely to result from the preponderance of ignorance threatens the peace and prosperity of the nation.
• Because there is no other manner in which the danger of conflict between the races is at all likely to be avoided.
• Because it is cheaper to enlighten ignorance than to suppress violence.
• Because we DARE not leave three-fourths of a majority in the Electoral College, the House of Representatives, and the Senate, in the hands of constituencies nearly half of whose voters cannot read the names upon their ballots.³
• Because the nation was responsible for slavery, and slavery was the cause of all that ignorance from which the present peril springs.
• Because the nation enfranchised ignorance and thereby gave it power to harm.
• Because by such enfranchisement the nation enhanced the peril which now threatens these states from the inherent antipathy of race.
• Because, by thus extending the elective franchise, the general government imposed upon the several states the burden of educating their voters at the peril not only of bad government but of violence and disaster, thereby enhancing the burden of taxation until it became too great to be borne.
• Because the nation besought the aid of the colored man in its struggle for existence and has no right to abandon him, bound with the fetters of ignorance, to his hereditary enemy.
• Because the nation promised the slave his liberty, and emancipation is but half achieved while ignorance yet confines the freedman鈥檚 soul and holds him still in impalpable bondage.
• Because the nation encouraged and supported slavery and permitted the colored man not only to be despoiled of his liberty, but to be excluded from the possibility of acquiring knowledge; and because the nation which permits such crime should be glad to offer retribution.
• Because the danger that impends from the co-occupancy of the soil by races alien to each other in tradition, development, and apparent interests results from the encouragement, protection, and favor which a free government extended to the institutions of slavery, and it is the duty of that government to assist in removing the evil which it helped to create.
• Because the nation put into the hands of the freedman the ballot and imposed upon him the duty of exercising honestly and intelligently the power thus conferred, and demanding of him a task which he was helpless to perform because of his ignorance. Common decency demands that a nation which requires a duty at the hands of the citizen should clothe him with power for its performance.
• Because the government of the United States is bound, by every consideration of honor, truth, and fidelity to its allies, to protect in the exercise of their rights as citizens that race to whose degradation she lent herself willingly for almost a century, and to whom in her hour of need she appealed for aid. Because the slave gave up his blood to maintain the liberty of the nation, the freedmen is entitled, as of the highest and holiest right, to be armed and equipped at the national expense for the struggle for liberty and equality of power which lies before him.
• Because it is a most desirable thing that the general government should be presented day by day in a beneficent and kindly aspect to the common people of those southern republics whose political beliefs have been corrupted by slavery and distorted by the dogma of 鈥淪tate Sovereignty鈥� until they have come to regard the nation as a sort of hereditary enemy of the state. . . .As a Reconstructionary measure this is of prime importance, since it strikes at the very root of the evil鈥攖he disaffection of the uninformed masses.
• We do not propose to discuss any of these propositions. The man who would deny them is impervious to reason, and the nation which does not recognize them by explicit and effective action deserves all the ill which its neglect may entail upon its future.